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Lesson VI. Pronouns
The Pronouns in Circassian
can be personal, possessive, qualifying and interrogative.
Personal pronouns
I
- сэ
you
- Уэ
it,
it - Ар
we
- тэ
you
- шъо
they
- ахэр
The Personal pronouns are
classified as: Nominitive, Ergative, Instrumental and Invertive
сэ
- I
сэркIэ
- me, for me, by me
сэрэу
- for me, by me
o
- you
орыкIэ
– for you, by you
орэу
- for you, by you
ap
– he (she)
аркIэ,
ащкIэ - for him (her), by him (her)
арэу
- for him (her), by him (her)
тэ
- we
тэркIэ
– us,
тэрэу
- us
шъо
шъощ – You (plural form)
шъоркIэ
you, for you, by you
шъорэу-
for you, by you
ахэр
ахэмэ - they
ахэмкIэ
– by them
ахэу
- by them
Examples:
Сэ o
къыосIуагъ - I
said to you.
Сэ ap
къэсэлъэIугъ
- I asked him (her).
O
уятэ къыоIуагъа?
– Did you say to your father? [You your-father once-you- say-did]
Ащ
еупкI – Ask him.
Ащ ыIорэр
сэркIэ тIуейзы
– All he says, is not important for me.
Ахэр
бо Iэшъэу аIу
– People say they are very tasty.
Possessive pronouns
Significies the attribute
of subject
сэсый
- mine
оуий
- yours
ащий
– his, hers
тэтый
- ours
шъошъуий
- yours
яий
- theirs
Varied on the same
principle, as noun, verbs, adjectives and etc:
Мы
ощыр сэсый -
this axe is mine.
Мы
унэр тэтый -
this house is ours.
Мы
къамыр
оуий - this dagger is Yours.
Мы
лагъэхэр
шъошъуиех -
these plates are Yours
The Indefinite pronoun.
In Circassian whole one - зыгорэ.
Serves for indication of all notions corresponding to English words
"someone", "something", "someone",
"something", "sometime", "somewhere",
and etc.
Changes either as noun –
in number and in cases:
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Single form
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Plural form:
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Nominative
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зыгорэ
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зыгорэхэр
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Ergative
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зыгорэм
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зыгорэхэм
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Instrumental
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зыгорэмкIэ
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зыгорэхэмкIэ
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Invertive
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зыгорэу
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зыгорэхэу
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Зыгорэ
къэшъотх – Write
something.
Зыгорэ
къэкIуагъ –
Someone has come.
Зыгорэм
уеупкIын
фае – You need to ask somebody. [Somebody –
you-him-ask need]
Зыгорэм
сэкъэкIощт - I
will come someday.
НекIоба,
зыгорэм
тыкIощт – Come on, we’ll go
somewhere [Let’s-go, somewhere we-go-will].
Непэ
ap тадэжи
къэкIот. - Today he (she) will
come to us. [Today he we-to once-go-will]
Generalization pronouns
хэтри
хэти
- each (about human)
сыдри
сыди
(Shapsygu. Bzhadygu: щыдри
щыди) each (not about human)
зэкIэ
- all
ежь
- itself
Х’этри
инас’ып
ежеж’эу х’ехы
- Each one chooses his fate by himself.
Сыдри
цIыфри
дэгъурэ
дэирэ епIолъэн
плъэкIыт - About each
person it’s possible to say as bad as good.
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