- Lesson IV. Verbs
The
Verb in Circassian is most complex and mutated part of speech.
Usually it is posited at the end of sentence. The Verbs are
different in tense, person, number and etc.
Below
considered the main categories and rules of using the verbs in
Circassian.
Infinitive
The
Infinitive in Circassian has the ending - н. For example:
кIон - go. (here root кIо). The Suffix
-н here- completion of infinitive.
Ауеджэ
тэкIōн щыт
– We must do there (There we-go must).
Сэ
осIон сыфай
- I want to tell you (I you-tell I-want).
Лъэпкъэу
узыхэсым
ыбзэ пшIэн
фае
– You have to know the language of the people, among which you
live (Folk you-among-live its-language you-know must).
Root
Change
The
Analogy to English prepositions in, on, under, around, for and etc
expressing location of one subject to other in Circassian often can
be denominated by changing the root of verb.
Example:
stands;
щыт
- stands (as body position );
ут
- stands (behind);
чIэт
- stands (under) and etc.
The
most frequently used verbs root changing are at the table below:
|
|
stands
|
sits
|
lies
|
|
condition
/ body position
|
щыт
|
щыс
|
щылъ
|
|
On
|
тет
|
тес
|
телъ
|
|
Under
|
чIэт
|
чIэс
|
чIэлъ
|
|
Among
|
хэт
|
хэс
|
хэлъ
|
|
Within
some area
|
дэт
|
дэс
|
дэлъ
|
|
behind
|
ут
|
yc
|
улъ
|
Example:
Чэтыур
стол чIэгъым
чIэс
– The cat sits under the table (Cat table under under + sits).
Машинэр
ощхым хэт
– The car stands in the rain (Car rain among + stands ).
Машинэр
щагум дэт
– The car stands in the yard (Car yard within + stands).
Connecting
and intransitive verbs
The
Connecting verbs characterising action of the main subject in offer,
require use of this subject in Ergative Case.
Example:
Iон – to tell. From this is made the form ыIуагъ
- he (she) said. Prefix ы~of the 3-rd person single
count , ~гъ
- Past Time Suffix).
Пшъашъэм
ыIуагъ – The girl said.
As
we see, subject ‘пшъэшъэ’
(the girl) here inheres in Ergative Case.
At
the same time :
Пшъашъэр
къэкIуагъ – The
girl has come.
The
Form къэкIуагъ is
formed from intransitive verb (кIон - go), and
subject inheres in Nominitive Case.
Dynamic
and steady-state verbs
The
Dynamic verbs express the action, motion, (кIон
– to go, Iон – to tell, чъэн
– to run).
Steady-state
verbs express the condition (щытын -
stand, щысын - sit, щыIэн
- be, inhere).
Discrete
prefix
For
dynamic verbs: къэ~,
and for steady-state verbs : къы~.
Discrete
prefix means that process is terminated to some moment of time (or
is made one-shot).
Example:
кIуагъэ
- went.
къэкIуагъ
- came.
кIыщт
– I will make
къэк1ыщт
– I will be making (for continuous tense)
Personality
prefix
It
is posited before or after the Discrete prefix . Characterisation
change the verb in persons.
In
the single form for the 1-st person: the
prefix сэ~(for
dynamic verbs), сы~(for
steady-state verbs ).
For
example: : сэкIо – I go;
сыщыс – I sit;
къэсхьыгъ - I
bring.
In
the last example a Personality prefix stands after Discrete prefix .
For
2-nd person, single form:
у~, п~.
For
example: укIо – you go;
ущыс – you sit;
къэпхьыгъ -
you bring, къэпIуагъ
- you has said.
For
the 3-rd person, single form, present tense:
ма~
(dynamic) or мэ~
(steady-state verbs ).
For
example: макIо - goes; кIуагъэ
- went, мэщыс - sits;
мэхьы - brings.
For
the 3-rd person, single form, past or future tense Personality
prefix is absent:
For
example: кIуагъэ - went; ы1уагъэ
- said; etc.
1st
person, plural form: тэ
-.
Example:
тэкIо - we go;
тыщыс - we sit.
2-nd
person , plural form: шъо~or
шъу -.
Example:
шъукIо – You go;
шъощыс – You sit,
шъотхэ – You write.
3-rd
person, plural form, present tense, connecting verbs: а
–
Example:
аIу – they say; ашхэ - they
eat
3-rd
person, plural form, present tense, intransitive verbs: suffix
-эх (refer to Number Suffix ).
Example:
щысыгъэх
- they sit; къэкIуагъэх
- they come.
Impetus Prefix
гъэ-
It
is posited after personality prefix . Means the action by which
objects make subject to proceed some other action. The Verb with
prefix гъэ- always is connecting:
НыоцIыкIум
гъэшхагъ
пщащэцIыкIур.
- The Grandmother has fed [made to eat] the girl
Янэм
кIалэр
къогъум
къуигъэуцуагъ.
- Mother made the boy to stand at the corner
Ятэм
кIалэр
тучанэм
егъэкIуагъ -
Father sent [made to go] the boy to the shop
Negative Prefix (мы~)
It
is posited most often before root of verb, after all other prefixes.
Ащтэу
умышI! - Do not do this;
Зи
ащ емыIу - Do not say him
anything (Nothing him don’t-say);
Щыда
умыкIо? - Why do not you go?
УмыгуаI
- Do not hurry!
Can
not be used simultaneously both Negative Prefix (мы~)
and Negative Suffix (-п).
The Negative Suffix (~п).
The
Negation Suffix ~п
usually follows all other suffixes:
СэкIощтэп
- I will not go;
Ахэмэ
къэкIуагъэхэп
- They did not come.
Непэ
aр къaкIощтэп
- Today hе (she) will not come.
Tense Suffixes
Future
and past tense in Circassian formed at suffixes ~щт
(future tense) and ~гъ
(past tense):
Cэ
сыIуагъ - I said.
Cэ
сыIощт – I’ll say.
O
укъэкIуагъ -
You have come.
O
укIощт - You will go.
Number Suffix
Complies
with Number Suffix for nouns. Follows the Tense Suffix, precedes the
Negative Suffix
Example:
къэкIуагъ
– he (she) has come.
къэкIуагъэх
- they have come.
Is
used for intransitive verbs only, otherwise Number Suffix is absent
Example:
цIыфхэр
аIу - people say
тэ
тэкIо - we go.
Imperative mood
Complies
with root base:
КIо!
- Go!
Щыс!
- Sit!
Къэтэдж!
- Stand up!
Къэущэжь!
– Wake up!
When
addressing to several people, imperative mood gains the prefix шъо~
(шъу~):
ШъукIо!
- Go!
Шъощыс!
- Sit!
Шъукъэтэдж!
- Wake up!
Шъукъэущэжь!
Awake! |